She may start laying as soon as four days after she completes feeding and drops off the host, and can continue to lay for 15 to 18 days. Cracks and crevices in houses, garages and dog runs are ideal locations for this. Mating of brown dog ticks occurs on the host following the stimulation of blood ingestion.Īn adult female will feed on the host for about a week, then drop off the host and find a secluded place for egg incubation for about one to two weeks. The Brown Dog tick is a three-host tick meaning each active stage (larva, nymph, and adult) feeds only once, then leaves the host to digest the blood meal and molt to the next stage or lay eggs. Nymphs are distinguishable from adults primarily by size, but this is unreliable and so these two stages need to be confirmed by microscopic examination, and usually by an expert. Males and females can be difficult to distinguish without examining them with magnification due to their lack of coloration, but males take only small blood meals while females take large meals and increase dramatically in size. On male Brown Dog ticks, the scutum (dorsal shield) covers the entire dorsal surface, but only covers the anterior dorsal (area just behind the mouthparts) surface in females. Many features used to identify the stages and sexes are difficult to see without a microscope. The different stages (larva, nymph, and adult) are progressively larger in size and once a blood meal is taken, tick size within a stage become larger and more variable. Tick surveillance: Information is provided on the different collection methods of ticks, including vegetation sampling, nest/burrow sampling, tick traps and host sampling methods.Ĭontrol of ticks: Different control strategies (chemical, biological and vaccines), principles of acaricide resistance, and the effect of tick control on endemic stability of tick-borne diseases are described, and information is provided on the different chemical products available.Frequently, when people report having a “tick infestation,” they often believe that they have several different types of ticks in their home or on their dogs – when in fact they are observing multiple life stages of the Brown Dog tick. Tick Importance and transmission: The ticks of veterinary importance and the different routes of transmission, including transovarial, transtadial and intrastadial transmission are described. The identification of ticks up to species level is much more complicated and requires more expertise. The various genera of hard ticks can easily be differentiated by a set of features unique to each genus: mouthparts, basis capituli, scutum, eyes, festoons, adanal, subanal and accessory anal plates, coxae and anal groove. The identification of ticks is mainly based on morphological features although the hosts on which they occur, the locality where they were found and their seasonal activity is taken into consideration. Identification and differential diagnosis The study of the seasonal occurrence of ticks is of major importance in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Most ticks show seasonality in their life cycles adult ticks will become active and feed at the start of the rainy season. In soft ticks or Argasidae, the mouthparts are recessed ventrally except in the larval stage. Hard ticks or Ixodidae are characterized by the presence of a hard scutum or shield and mouthparts projecting forward which makes them visible from the dorsal side. There are three families of ticks although one family, Nuttallielidae comprises only one species.
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